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The Metric That Matters for the Lightning Network

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The Lightning Network is a revolutionary scaling solution for Bitcoin, enabling fast and inexpensive payments that make everyday transactions with Bitcoin possible. As the network grows, it’s essential to measure its health and efficiency accurately, so we can unlock its full potential.

Traditional metrics like node count, channel count, and capacity have been used to assess the Lightning Network, but they only tell part of the story. To truly understand the performance of this second-layer solution, we need to focus on flow—specifically, Max Flow, a metric with a long history of optimizing complex systems.

Max Flow: The Key to Understanding Lightning’s Health

Max Flow is a powerful metric that calculates how much value can theoretically flow through a network, considering constraints like channel capacity and liquidity. It’s an essential tool for evaluating network effectiveness and reliability, particularly in systems where smooth, uninterrupted flow is the key to success.

Max Flow has been used for decades in industries ranging from telecommunications to logistics. It’s already been applied to solve problems in:

  • Telecom Networks: Max Flow helps allocate bandwidth efficiently, ensuring that data flows seamlessly across the internet.
  • Supply Chains: Companies use Max Flow algorithms to optimize the movement of goods across their global distribution networks, reducing delays and maximizing efficiency.
  • Transportation Systems: Cities apply Max Flow to traffic management, ensuring that vehicles move smoothly across road networks by optimizing flow through intersections.

These examples showcase how Max Flow improves efficiency in complex systems where resources need to move quickly and efficiently. Now, it’s being applied to the Lightning Network as seen in new data science research from René Pickhardt about feasible lightning payments. Applying Max Flow to the Lightning Network will help ensure that Bitcoin can flow smoothly between users, even as the network scales.

Max Flow isn’t about measuring the actual movement of value, but rather about understanding the probability of feasible payments across the network. By focusing on Max Flow, we gain a more accurate understanding of the Lightning Network’s true health. Instead of just counting channels or capacity, Max Flow shows us the likelihood of payment success, allowing node operators to optimize their liquidity and improve the overall performance of the network.

Max Flow provides a curve of Payment Reliability by Payment Amount, showing how success probability changes with different payment sizes for the network and specific nodes of interest.

Traditional Metrics Fall Short

Metrics like node count, channel count, and capacity provide a snapshot of the Lightning Network’s infrastructure. But much like counting the number of roads or intersections in a city, these numbers don’t tell us how well traffic is flowing. In the case of the Lightning Network, what really matters is how efficiently Bitcoin can be routed through the system.

Critics who focus solely on these traditional metrics often draw limited conclusions about the network’s performance. While it’s important to know the size of the infrastructure, it’s far more valuable to understand the probability of successful payments.

Max Flow offers that deeper insight. By measuring the success probability of payments, it helps us see where liquidity is well-distributed and where bottlenecks might be forming. This enables operators to make data-driven decisions that improve the network’s performance and ensure that payments are routed reliably.

Max Flow Shows Lightning’s Performance Rises with Bitcoin Price

The Lightning Network is designed to scale with Bitcoin, offering fast and cheap transactions without overloading the Bitcoin blockchain. As Bitcoin’s price appreciates, the network’s capacity to handle larger payments grows naturally.

For example, if a channel holds 0.1 BTC and Bitcoin is priced at $50,000, that channel can route a $5,000 payment. If Bitcoin’s price doubles to $100,000, that same channel can handle $10,000—without any changes to the underlying infrastructure. As the bitcoin digital economy grows, so too will the capabilities of the Lightning Network. Bitcoin price increases coupled with data-driven changes to the Lightning Network will help expand the capabilities of Lightning.

Max Flow plays a critical role here, helping to measure the success probability of payments as the network scales. It provides an essential tool for monitoring payment reliability and ensuring that the network remains efficient as demand for Bitcoin transactions grows.

The network payment reliability increases as bitcoin’s price appreciates from $50,000 to $100,000 assuming no changes to the Lightning Network.

Max Flow is the Future of Lightning Monitoring

Max Flow is the next-generation metric that will help drive the Lightning Network forward. By moving beyond superficial statistics like capacity or node count, it offers node operators and investors a more accurate picture of the network’s performance. This, in turn, helps them make smarter decisions about liquidity allocation and payment routing.

For investors, Max Flow offers a more reliable measure of network health, revealing the underlying potential of the Lightning Network. Those who focus on Max Flow will gain deeper insights into the scalability and efficiency of Lightning, positioning themselves to capitalize on future growth.

For node operators, understanding Max Flow means being able to optimize their channels for better performance. It helps them manage liquidity more effectively, ensuring that payments flow reliably, and improving the user experience for those interacting with the network.

Conclusion: Max Flow is the Metric That Matters

As the Lightning Network evolves, Max Flow will be essential to its health and performance. While traditional metrics like node count and channel capacity offer a limited view of the network, Max Flow reveals how efficiently value can move through the system—a critical insight as Bitcoin grows and the demand for reliable payments increases.

Max Flow is more than just a new way to measure the network—it’s the key to unlocking the Lightning Network’s full potential. By focusing on the metrics that matter, node operators and investors can help the network scale smarter, ensuring that Bitcoin’s role in the global economy continues to expand.

TL;DR

  1. Traditional metrics like node count, channel count, and capacity don’t provide a full picture of the Lightning Network’s performance.
  2. Max Flow is the right metric to assess network health, as it evaluates the probability of feasible payments and liquidity optimization.
  3. As Bitcoin’s price appreciates, the Lightning Network’s capacity to handle larger payments grows naturally, and Max Flow helps monitor this process.
  4. Max Flow has proven its value in optimizing complex networks in industries like telecommunications, supply chains, and transportation.
  5. Max Flow will play a critical role in helping the Lightning Network scale efficiently, making it an essential tool for both investors and node operators.

This is a guest post by Jesse Shrader. Opinions expressed are entirely their own and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.

About Amboss:

Amboss is building the infrastructure for the Bitcoin Lightning Network, enabling seamless, real-time transactions across industries. With machine-learning-powered routing and liquidity optimization, Amboss ensures billions of low-cost payments happen securely and efficiently. As AI-driven economies emerge, Amboss provides the backbone for autonomous systems to transact at scale.



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Prediction Markets Are Pricing In A Trump Victory. This Is Good For Bitcoin

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Earlier today, Vivek discussed why he thinks crypto native Polymarket, the world’s largest prediction market, is biased towards Trump in this upcoming U.S. presidential election. While it is plausible given the arguments he laid out, I still believe that it may not be as biased as he may think.

First and foremost, prediction market traders are betting on these odds to make money, not swear loyalty to their preferred politician. Traders are looking to make a profit and are trying to lock in their bets at attractive odds on who they think will win. Based on many factors, like positive incoming GOP voter registration data in swing states like Pennsylvania, there are signs that show Trump has a very solid chance of winning this election. Even billionaire Stanley Druckenmiller said that the recent positive upswing in markets is due to the markets pricing in a Trump victory.

Like Vivek, many claim that since Polymarket is crypto native, then of course its users support Trump because he is also pro-Bitcoin and crypto. So let’s take a look at another, non-crypto native, market predictions platform, Kalshi.

On Kalshi, a U.S. betting odds platform that settles contracts in dollars, not Bitcoin or crypto, Trump is also in a massive lead. Trump is currently up by 20% over Harris. The crowd of users on this platform appear to be choosing their bets on who they think will win the election, even putting aside their own personal political preferences. Reading the comments, I’m seeing many people say they want Trump to win, but are taking the other side of this bet as they believe there may be election fraud from the Democrats which would see Harris ‘win’.

“Y’all betting on Trump haven’t priced in the probability of delivery vans pulling into the polling stations at 3am with 10’s of thousands of ballots, 99% of which going to Kamala they suddenly ‘found,’” commented one user. “Kamala will win legitimately or not, you have been warned.”

It will be fascinating to watch how these prediction markets play out as we inch closer to the election, which is now only two weeks away. I agree with Vivek that as we get closer to the election, these margins will likely get narrower. It appears to me that Trump has got this one in the bag, but it ain’t over until it’s over. Last election most people went to sleep thinking Trump had won the election, just for the Democrats to find all these ballots voting for Biden at 3am to win him the election. If there is any election fraud and interference in this upcoming election, these prediction markets may be in for a very volatile time.

A Trump win would be massive for Bitcoin on a regulatory level and price wise, due to his proposed policies. Under Harris, on the other hand, the future of Bitcoin in this country would be uncertain, as she has not laid out any real details on policy she would implement while as president and has a four year track record of attacking the industry while in office as vice president.

Bitcoin Magazine is teaming up with Stand With Crypto to provide real time election coverage on November 5th. So if you’re a Bitcoiner tired of watching mainstream news and want to witness this election from the perspective of a Bitcoiner, make sure to tune into the stream. More details on the livestream and where to watch here.

This article is a Take. Opinions expressed are entirely the author’s and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.



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MicroStrategy CEO Michael Saylor Reveals His Bitcoin MSTR Plan

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“It’s mostly paranoid crypto anarchists that say that.”

With these eight words, issued on the “Markets with Madison” podcast, Microstrategy CEO Michael Saylor evoked outrage from just about everyone in Bitcoin. 

Shinobi called him a “spook.” Carvalho was confused. Svetski claimed this will start the next Fork Wars.

Put simply, Saylor said a bad thing. He broke the taboo. He said you’re better off trusting your Bitcoin in state custody than holding your own private keys, then went further, calling out all of the businesses engaged in custody projects by calling them effectively bullshit salesmen.

It was, shall we say, a “big oof,” a “footgun,” the scene in the cartoon where the hero gets hit with an anvil. 

Here’s Adam Simecka’s clip from the full video:

Yet, paradoxically, I’ll admit, it’s probably the most interesting thing Saylor has ever said?

For years, Saylor and the Cyber Hornets have been “Grut and the Minions,” Saylor using his pulpit to spout whatever bullish nonsense was in vogue, without adding anything of his own.

Other people said things, and then Saylor said them again. He was the “people’s champion,” a “man of plebs,” a role that even his mundane AI generated tweets seemed to underscore in tagging the artists, invariably some random pseudonym.

So, anger aside, I have to say, at this time, I’m undecided. Sure, as someone who lived through the Fork Wars, I find Svetski’s position romantic (It’s nice to think we’re in the midst of some larger struggle), but it’s perhaps too early to cry wolf.

Instead, I find myself (for once) actually trying to understand what Saylor is saying.

As far as I can tell, there’s really three ideas at play here:

  1. This is a new thesis for how to boost Bitcoin adoption using public markets – Saylor is framing the self-custody question as not an issue to solve with innovation, but an issue to ameliorate. His view: It doesn’t matter how people own Bitcoin, only that they do. His preferred vehicle for this is the stock market, and he seems to want to co-opt it as a massive vehicle for buying Bitcoin and selling the exposure.
  2. This thesis actually might solve the problem of how to fight the crypto market – This is also one of the more compelling things about Bitcoin “Season 2,” the idea you could “co-opt the crypto apparatus” as a means of getting retail involved. Here, Saylor seems to want to marshal his army of Bitcoin stocks for the purpose, his view retail will begin purchasing Microstrategy and Metaplanet, in lieu of memecoins, chasing as they always do, beta on Bitcoin.
  3. It’s a novel thesis on convincing government to adopt Bitcoin – A world where Bitcoin is the reserve asset for regulated entities seems like one in which draconian laws become less viable. After all, in this world, Bitcoin would have a direct link to the U.S. economy (at least the version most politicians care about). You have to admit: “You can’t ban Bitcoin, it will hurt the stock market,” has a nice ring.

Of course, maybe the commentators are right. Saylor’s incentives seem to be departing from the network. Maybe he is placing his company and its quest to amass Bitcoin above all else, and it’s worth questioning his motives at this moment.

Some argue self-custody, if nothing else, is the core of Bitcoin, the fact that you can trust no one but yourself to hold and safeguard your wealth.

Then again, in Saylor’s view, inflation is the true boogeyman, the debasement of purchasing power, the far bigger issue.

Is it possible this is a giant government psy-op, that Saylor flew too close to the sun, and there are an army of regulators who are twisting his arm to say this? 

Sure, Microstrategy does work with intelligence agencies, but even then, intelligence agencies and their pension funds need somewhere to invest. A hyperbitcoinized world is surely one where these funds will also buy Bitcoin.

But I have to say, as someone who has never found Saylor very interesting… for now, I’m at least paying attention. 

I’ll start there.

This article is a Take. Opinions expressed are entirely the author’s and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.





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What The ECB Gets Wrong About Bitcoin

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Follow Frank on X.

Last week, Ulrich Bindseil and Jürgen Schaaf of the European Central Bank (ECB) published a paper entitled “The distributional consequences of Bitcoin” in which they made a host of dubious claims about Bitcoin.

The notions that those who are late to investing in bitcoin are impoverished by those who were early to investing in it and that Bitcoin has failed as a payments technology are the authors’ central arguments.

Bitcoin analyst Tuur Demeester sounded the alarm about the report on X.

As a former academic, I was appalled at how lazy the arguments in this paper were. Hence, I’ve taken the time to push back on some of them.

  • The main premise of the paper is that if bitcoin’s price continues to rise, early bitcoin investors — the “early birds” (the authors’ term) — will gain wealth at the expense of the “latecomers.” While this is true if the early birds hold all of their coins to no end, the dynamic is no different with any other publicly-traded asset. The bigger point that the researchers miss, though, is that some of us are both “early birds” and “latecomers.” I first bought bitcoin in January 2018, and I also bought some last week. Did I impoverish myself in this scenario? No, I didn’t. Nor has anyone who has dollar-cost averaged into bitcoin over any period of time. Also, I bought some gold earlier this year. After doing so, I didn’t shake my fist at the sky yelling “Damn all of you who have front run me to gold over the last 5,000 years!” I simply made the purchase in efforts to preserve my wealth in a highly inflationary environment — one that the ECB itself is partially responsible for causing — and went about my day.
  • One of the other primary arguments in the paper is that Bitcoin has failed as a payment technology. In making this claim, the authors fail to even mention the Lightning Network, a layer built on top of Bitcoin that enables fast, cheap bitcoin payments. In recent years, the Lightning Network has grown exponentially. From August 2021 to August 2023, the network grew by 1212% — which occurred mostly during a bitcoin bear market. Major players from the world of traditional payments are building on Lightning, as well. A prominent example of this is David Marcus, former President of PayPal, who is the current CEO of Lightspark, which is building enterprise-ready payments infrastructure via the Lightning Network. Beyond Lightning, Bitcoin is still quite young and will likely need to be more fully monetized (less volatile in fiat money terms) before people begin using it more frequently using it as money.
  • Throughout the piece, the authors bring up how bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are the preferred currencies of criminals and bad actors worldwide. While there’s little evidence that proves this to be the case, as methodology of Chainanalysis — the blockchain analysis firm often employed to look into crypto and criminal activity — is questionable at best. Terrorist organizations like Hamas have stopped relying on crypto donations because of their traceability. With that said, TD Bank was just fined $3 billion for enabling money laundering, while Wells Fargo is currently in the crosshairs of regulators for doing the same. And data shows that criminals prefer cash above all else when committing crimes. Lastly, I made two purchases last week with bitcoin and I can assure you that neither were illegal. And I’m not the only one who recently made perfectly legal purchases with bitcoin.
  • The authors also make the claim Bitcoin is a threat to democracy because crypto PACs now donate to politicians. The presupposes that every other lobbying group out there isn’t a threat to democracy, which is laughable. What the authors also missed is that bitcoin is often a money of last resort for pro-democracy activists who’ve been debanked by authoritarian regimes. One of the first moves in the modern dictator’s playbook is to cut dissidents off from the traditional financial system. In these cases, pro-democracy activists have to rely on bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Alexei Navalny, Vladimir Putin’s former opposition, popularized using cryptocurrencies for donations when the Putin regime limited its access to traditional financial rails.
  • The authors also suggest that central banks can just tighten monetary policy to counteract the “bubble” forming in bitcoin’s price. The last two years have proven that this isn’t true, as rates are just about the highest they’ve been in over a decade and a half, yet bitcoin’s price is still on the verge of approaching an all-time high in US dollar terms. Plus, tightening from the US Federal Reserve, the central bank of the US, led to the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) as well as other banks in 2023, highlighting the fact that tightening makes the traditional financial system more fragile. This only makes a stronger case for people to store their wealth outside of the traditional system in an asset like bitcoin.

Beyond these points, the tone of this paper from the ECB is paternalistic in that it suggests that all retail investors are incapable of learning more about how markets work and why Bitcoin is important.

Toward the end of the report, Bindseil and Schaaf cite a source that claims that “unsophisticated investors are drawn into the market” as the bitcoin bubble grows, seemingly suggesting that everyone one of these retail investors only buys at the top and sells toward the bottom of a drawdown.

I was once one of those unsophisticated retail investors, and while I first bought bitcoin near its 2017 top, I also bought it on dozens of other occasions, including when its price dipped to local lows in 2018 and 2020. I did so because in studying Bitcoin and learning what problems it solves I came to place more faith in it than I did in the traditional monetary and financial systems.

There are many others like me, and I’d imagine that they too take offense to the ECB’s diminishing their intellectual capabilities and writing deeply biased reports that misrepresent what Bitcoin is and the reasons why people invest in and adopt it.





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