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El Salvador Ends Bitcoin Legal Tender Experiment—What Went Wrong?

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El Salvador, the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender in 2021, recently reversed its decision after pressure from the IMF. What led to this change, and what were the outcomes of its nearly four-year crypto experiment?

The curious case of El Salvador

The 2021 law in El Salvador made Bitcoin (BTC) legal tender, meaning it became not just legal but mandatory for transactions. Merchants were required to accept Bitcoin, and the government started collecting payments such as taxes and fees in Bitcoin.

To facilitate this, the country launched the Chivo wallet, a government-backed mobile app designed to help Salvadorans transact with Bitcoin. The app allowed users to send, receive, and store Bitcoin, and even offered an incentive of $30 in Bitcoin for those who downloaded it.

However, the law didn’t affect the status of the U.S. dollar, which had been the official currency of El Salvador from 2001 to 2021. This meant Salvadorans who didn’t want to use Bitcoin could still use USD for all transactions. Polls from 2021 showed that only 15% of the population trusted Bitcoin, and 70% of respondents opposed its adoption.

Despite President Nayib Bukele’s media campaign and public relations efforts, the law failed to convince many Salvadorans of its value.

While the international crypto community lauded the El Salvadoran law, the residents of the country protested the law on the streets, and many in the financial world criticized the legislation’s flaws. 

One key issue was that many merchants across the country were not equipped to accept Bitcoin, and the law did not address this gap.

Furthermore, a large portion of the population lacked bank accounts, and many businesses still only accepted cash payments. Many merchants were also reluctant to accept Bitcoin due to its volatility, fearing that its fluctuating value could lead to losses.

What are the results of the El Salvador Bitcoin experiment?

The nearly four-year period during which Bitcoin was legal tender in El Salvador has yielded mostly negative results, though there are a few positives to note.

On the positive side, the 2021 Bitcoin adoption helped expose more people to cryptocurrencies. A measurable outcome was the boom in tourism. The announcement of Bitcoin’s adoption piqued international interest, leading to a 20% increase in tourist arrivals in 2024 compared to 2023, with growth also seen in previous years.

However, the broader impact has been largely negative. Bitcoin failed to serve as a hedge against inflation in El Salvador. Issues such as its extreme volatility and technical difficulties with the Chivo wallet are often cited as reasons for the public’s reluctance to use Bitcoin.

Additionally, multiple hacking incidents involving the Chivo wallet further eroded trust in the cryptocurrency, leading to its limited use.

The Bitcoin law also fell short of significantly improving financial inclusion. In 2021, approximately 70% of Salvadorans were unbanked, and an even larger percentage had never used Bitcoin.

In fact, most people in the country largely ignored the digital currency. By 2024, a report from The Central American Group indicated that 92% of Salvadorans did not use Bitcoin for transactions.

While Bitcoin was intended to facilitate cross-border payments, it had little impact in this regard. In 2023, only 1.3% of remittances were made using Bitcoin. A 2022 survey also revealed that 86% of local businesses had no Bitcoin transactions, and 91.7% of respondents said Bitcoin adoption had not affected them. Only 3.6% reported an improvement in sales.

One of the key flaws in the Bitcoin adoption strategy was the timing. The law was enacted in 2021, a year following a major crypto rally fueled by Bitcoin’s halving.

Historically, bull markets are followed by downturns, and the law was passed just before another crypto winter began. The sharp Bitcoin crash in 2022 only served to further discourage Salvadorans from using the currency.

How did the El Salvador Bitcoin experiment end?

Since 2022, the International Monetary Fund has urged El Salvador to amend its Bitcoin law. On January 30, 2025, the Salvadoran Congress took action, agreeing to revise the law in exchange for a $1.4 billion loan from the IMF.

One key condition for securing the loan was the removal of Bitcoin’s legal tender status in the country. The loan agreement stipulates that “public sector engagement in Bitcoin-related economic activities, transactions, and purchases will be limited.”

While reports suggest that Bitcoin will remain legal for trade among Salvadorans, it will no longer be accepted for taxes or other government payments, and businesses will have the right to refuse Bitcoin payments.

The requirement for all businesses to accept Bitcoin had faced stark criticism due to the BTC’s volatility and the public’s limited understanding of digital currencies. The new legislative reform also addresses these concerns by giving businesses the option to choose whether or not to accept Bitcoin

However, the full scope of these restrictions is yet to be fully determined, and further details are expected soon.

The IMF loan will be disbursed over a period of 40 months, meaning these restrictions will be enforced over a three-year span, potentially leading to a long-term decline in Bitcoin’s role in the country.

Despite the shift in policy to secure the IMF loan, El Salvador’s government appears to maintain its pro-crypto stance. On Feb. 4, El Salvador’s Bitcoin Office reported purchasing a total of 12 BTC through two separate transactions.

The first acquisition involved 11 BTC, purchased for approximately $1.1 million, at an average price of $101,816 per Bitcoin. The second purchase added 1 BTC at a price of $99,114, just hours later.

These recent acquisitions bring the country’s total Bitcoin reserves to 6,068 BTC, valued at over $592 million at the time of writing. El Salvador has continued to accumulate Bitcoin steadily, having added 60 BTC over the past month alone.





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Crypto Pundit Makes Case For Bitcoin Price At $260,000, But This Invalidation Level Threatens The Rally

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A prominent crypto pundit has outlined a compelling case for the Bitcoin price outlook, predicting a surge to a target as high as $260,000 this bull cycle. However, a critical invalidation level stands in the way of this bullish scenario, threatening Bitcoin’s projected rally if breached. 

On March 26, Gert van Lagen, a well-known crypto analyst on the X social media platform, predicted that the Bitcoin price could hit a bullish target between $200,000 and $300,000. The analyst’s chart suggests that Bitcoin’s price action in the past few years has closely followed a classic market cycle structure, moving through the Accumulation, Redistribution, Re-accumulation, and Distribution phases. 

Bitcoin Price Eyes New ATH Above $260,000

According to Lagen, Bitcoin has successfully broken out of a seven-month re-accumulation phase, signaling the potential start of a powerful uptrend. Between late 2022 and early 2023, the cryptocurrency experienced an accumulation phase in which smart money entered the market at low prices when BTC had bottomed out. This was followed by a strong rally that led to a rapid price appreciation to new highs. 

After consolidating for seven months in mid-2023 – early 2024, Bitcoin formed a range, allowing the market to absorb supply before another price breakout. Notably, this trend continued in 2025, with BTC breaking out of a seven-month re-accumulation phase.

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Source: Gert Van Lagen on X

Based on the trajectory of Lagen’s price chart, Bitcoin’s next leg up is a sharp rise to $240,000, followed by a brief correction before rallying to a price peak between $290,000 and $300,000. After hitting this ATH, the analyst predicts that Bitcoin will decline and undergo a period of choppy trading, experiencing price fluctuations between $220,000 and $260,000. 

Interestingly, Bitcoin’s projected rise to an ATH and the following sideways trading are expected to occur during its distribution phase, which is typically characterized by increased sell-offs and market volatility. Once BTC experiences a final surge to $260,000, Lagen predicts a price crash toward $148,000 – $136,000, marking the possible end of the bull rally and the start of the bear market. 

Key Invalidation Level Threatening BTC’s Rally

Lagen’s optimistic price forecast for Bitcoin is being threatened by a key invalidation level, which could halt the cryptocurrency’s potential surge to $200,000 – $300,000. Although Bitcoin’s bullish structure remains intact, the analyst warns that a weekly close below the 40-week LSMA would invalidate its breakout. 

As of writing, the Bitcoin price is consolidating above this key invalidation level at $73,900. As long as it holds above this level, Lagen believes that its bullish trajectory will be sustained. However, a drop below $73,900, which already represents a 15% decline from BTC’s current market price, could postpone the projected surge or cancel it altogether.

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BTC trading at $87,183 on the 1D chart | Source: BTCUSDT on Tradingview.com

Featured image from Adobe Stock, chart from Tradingview.com



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Bitcoin faces 70% odds of another drop as April tariff fears shake markets, Nansen says

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As the risk of tariff-related uncertainty persists into the second quarter, the crypto market could face another dip following the recent correction in March, analysts at Nansen say.

As the industry heads into April, Bitcoin (BTC) and the wider crypto market could be staring down another dip as uncertainty surrounding tariffs and U.S. trade policy might cause further volatility.

According to Nansen’s analysts, there’s a chance that the market may face another correction in the weeks after April 2. In fact, the researchers believe there’s a 70% likelihood that another price dip will occur after this date.

Bitcoin faces 70% odds of another drop as April tariff fears shake markets, Nansen says - 1
US Economic Policy Uncertainty Index 30d MA vs BB Global Trade Policy Uncertainty Index 30d MA | Source: Nansen

President Donald Trump had earlier promised to roll out new tariffs on April 2, calling it a key moment for the economy just weeks after the last round shook up markets and sparked recession worries.

In a recent interview with crypto.news, Aurelie Barthere, principal research analyst at Nansen, shared her outlook on the market, stating that after a brief correction following April 2, she expects the market to stabilize and pave the way for future growth.

“In my main scenario, 70% subjective likelihood, I expect another leg down in crypto prices after April 2 after we reached a local bottom in mid-March. After this second correction, I expect we will be bottoming for the rest of the year (continuation of the bull market and revisit of the ATHs for BTC).”

Aurelie Barthere

However, it’s not all doom and gloom for the crypto market. While another dip isn’t ruled out, Barthere suggests that after that correction, Bitcoin could rebound, benefiting from a supportive macro environment, including the growing adoption of crypto in the U.S. and a lack of recession signals. Still, Barthere remains cautious as for the remaining 30% “it would be if we have already bottomed or if this is just a dead cat bounce for U.S. equities and crypto,” she said.

“For the remaining 30%: it would be if we have already bottomed or if this is just a dead cat bounce for U.S. equities and crypto (in case of a recession, which is not my base case, I think the U.S. is just slowing from 3% to 1.5-2% growth).”

Aurelie Barthere

Uncertainty may last well into Q2

The tariff situation has been a significant driver of market volatility, with the U.S. policy uncertainty index reaching new highs. Trade discussions have become a key source of investor anxiety, but Nansen believes that uncertainty could peak soon.

As Treasury Secretary Bessent recently noted, many of the U.S. trading partners are already negotiating to lower their own trade barriers, which has helped to calm some fears. Even Trump recently hinted at potential tariff “exemptions” in certain circumstances. But as Barthere pointed out, while these talks may result in long-term growth benefits for the U.S., the lingering uncertainty may last well into Q2.

“Right now, I think that we are experiencing corrections within a crypto bull market. Why I see this as a bull market still: 1) Ongoing progress on crypto regulation and crypto institutionalization in the U.S., and 2) U.S. real growth has slowed but is not flashing ‘recession.’ Of course, this is my only main scenario, and I will continue to watch data and markets for signs that this is the correct reading.”

Aurelie Barthere

As Barthere put it, there’s a “50/50 chance that we’ve passed the peak of trade policy uncertainty,” adding that the true impact of these tariff negotiations might not be fully clear until mid-year. “We still see this peak uncertainty as more likely between April and June, especially with the start of U.S. tax cut package discussions,” she wrote in the research report.

The uncertainty, according to Nansen’s research, could trigger another short-term correction in both Bitcoin and U.S. equities.

No evidence of recession

Still, there’s reason for optimism. The report mentions that technicals are showing encouraging signs. “The dip is being bought, for BTC and for U.S. equities,” Barthere says, adding that spot Bitcoin ETFs recorded a “seven-day streak of net inflows, a first since crypto prices peaked.”

One way or the other, it’s clear that the market remains cautious. A lot of people are questioning whether the crypto bull run is still going strong or if we’re getting close to a peak. If history is any indication, times of economic uncertainty have often lined up with market downturns, making investors even more cautious.

Bitcoin faces 70% odds of another drop as April tariff fears shake markets, Nansen says - 2
S&P Global Flash US PMI vs gross domestic product | Source: Nansen

After market sentiment hit extreme fear last week, with some investment banks raising the U.S. recession probability to 40% this year, hard economic data has eased these concerns. The latest U.S. March flash PMI report shows a 53.5 score, the highest in three months, suggesting a 1.9% annual growth rate. However, the growth for the whole quarter is lower at 1.5% due to weaker data in January and February.

Barthere emphasized that so far, there’s no hard evidence of a recession as “most of the data weakness has been in sentiment indicators, while hard economic data has held up.” She added that “there is no evidence of recession at this stage, so no evidence that we have transitioned to a bear market.”

While the coming months may bring more ups and downs, Nansen’s report suggests that the overall bull market is still in play. As Barthere puts it, the market is “likely to see a correction, but then we’ll bottom out for the rest of the year and head towards new highs.”



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GameStop’s Bitcoin Move Looks Bold—But It Might Be Brilliant

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This week, GameStop quietly updated its investment policy to include Bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset. With approximately $4.78 billion in cash—nearly 37% of its $12.9 billion market cap—this move marks more than just a diversification of reserves.