Fractal Bitcoin is a recently launched project that bills itself as “the only native scaling solution completely and instantly compatible with Bitcoin. In essence it is a merge mined system portraying itself as a second layer sidechain for Bitcoin, where multiple levels of “sidechains” can be stacked on top of each other. So think of a sidechain of the mainchain, a sidechain of the sidechain, a sidechain of the sidechain of the sidechain, etc. It is not.

Shitcoins Are Not Second Layers

Firstly, the entire system is built around a new native token, Fractal Bitcoin, that is issued completely independent of Bitcoin. It even comes with a massive pre-mine of 50% of the supply being split between an “ecosystem treasury”, a pre-sale, advisors, grants for the community, and developers. This is essentially the equivalent of the entire first halving period of Bitcoin when the block subsidy was 50 BTC per block. From here the network jumps to 25 Fractal Bitcoin (FB) per block.

Secondly, there is no peg mechanism for moving actual bitcoin into the “sidechain.” Yes, you read that correctly. They are framing themselves as a sidechain/layer two, but there is no actual mechanism to move your bitcoin back and forth between the mainchain and “the sidechain” Fractal Bitcoin. It is a completely independent system with no actual ability to move funds back and forth. One of the core aspects of a sidechain is the ability to peg, or “lock,” your bitcoin from the mainchain and move it into a sidechain system so that you can make use of it there, eventually moving those funds back to the mainchain.

Fractal Bitcoin has no such mechanism, and not only that, the discussion around the topic in their “technical litepaper” is completely incoherent. They discuss Discreet Log Contracts (DLCs) as a mechanism for “bridging” between different levels of Fractal sidechains. DLCs are not a suitable mechanism for a peg at all. DLCs function by pre-defining where coins will be sent based on a signature from an oracle or a set of oracles expected at a given time. They are used for gambling, financial products such as derivatives, etc. between two parties. DLCs are not designed to allow funds to be sent to any arbitrary place based on the outcome of the contract, they are designed to allocate funds to one of two participants, or proportionally to each participant, based on the outcome of some contract or event that an oracle signs off on.

This is not suitable for a sidechain or other system peg, which is ideally architected to allow any current owner of coins in the sidechain or second layer system to freely send coins to any destination they choose so long as they have valid control over them on the other system. So not only is there no functional peg mechanism for the live system, but their hand waving about potential designs for one in their litepaper is just completely incoherent.

The whole “design” is a clown show designed to pump bags for pre-mine holders.

“Cadence” Mining

Another troubling aspect of the system is its variation on merge mining, Cadence mining. The network utilizes SHA256 as the hashing algorithm, and it does support conventional Namecoin style merge mining. But there is a catch. Only one third of the blocks produced on the network are capable of being produced by Bitcoin miners engaged in merge mining. The other two thirds must be mined conventionally by miners switching their hashrate entirely over to Fractal Bitcoin.

This is a poisonous incentive structure. It essentially tries to associate itself with the Bitcoin network calling itself a “merge mined system”, when in reality two thirds of the block production mandates turning hashrate away from securing the Bitcoin network and devoting it exclusively to securing Fractal Bitcoin. Most of the retard is not capturable by miners who continue mining Bitcoin, and the greater the value of FB the greater the incentive for Bitcoin miners to defect and begin mining it instead of bitcoin to increase the share of the FB reward they capture.

It essentially functions as an incentive distortion for Bitcoin miners proportional to the value of the overall system. It also offers no advantage in terms of security at all. By forcing this choice it guarantees that most of the network difficulty must remain low enough that whatever small portion of miners find it profitable to defect from Bitcoin to FB can mine blocks at the targeted 30 second block interval. Conventional merge mining would allow the entire mining network to contribute security without having to deal with the opportunity cost of not mining Bitcoin.

What’s The Point of This?

The ostensible point of the network is to facilitate things like DeFi and Ordinals, that consume large amounts of blockspace, by giving them a system to utilize other than the mainchain. The problem with this logic is the reason those systems are built on the mainchain in the first place is because people value the immutability and security that it provides. Nothing about the architecture of Fractal Bitcoin provides the same security guarantees.

Even if they did, there is no functional pegging mechanism at all to facilitate these assets from being interoperable between the mainchain and the Fractal Bitcoin chain. The entire system is a series of handwaves past important technical details to rush something to market that allows insiders to profit off of the pre-mine involved in the launch.

No peg mechanism, an incoherent “merge mining” scheme that not only creates a poisonous incentive distortion should it continue rising in value, but actually guarantees a lower level of proof of work security, and a bunch of buzzwords. It does have CAT active, but so do testnets in existence. So even the argument as a testing ground for things built using CAT is just incoherent and a half assed rationalization for a pre-mined token pump.

Calling this a sidechain, or a layer of Bitcoin, is beyond ridiculous. It’s a token scheme, pure and simple. 

Stablecoins have so far dominated the crypto payment market, but some Bitcoin developers believe there’s a proposal out there that could offer a legitimate alternative. 

Seven years ago, Dorier, a long-time developer, set out to democratize bitcoin payment processing by launching a free and open-source alternative to the then-dominant BitPay: BTCPay Server. Today, despite the project’s strong grassroots success among Bitcoin enthusiasts and online merchants, the landscape of cryptocurrency payments has evolved dramatically from when Dorier first began his journey. The rise of stablecoins has quickly dominated the space, pushing bitcoin—the world’s largest digital asset—to the sidelines in the payment processing arena.

Fueled by growing demand for stable currency options, particularly US dollars, stablecoins have swiftly taken over the cryptocurrency payments market. This surge has left many Bitcoin enthusiasts struggling to cope with the reality that these dollar-pegged assets could reinforce the very system Bitcoin was designed to challenge—the hegemony of the US dollar. As stablecoins continue to gain traction, Bitcoin promoters find themselves at a crossroads, questioning how to preserve Bitcoin’s vision of financial sovereignty in a market increasingly leaning toward stability over decentralization.

A new proposal emerging from the Lightning ecosystem has caught Dorier’s attention, and the veteran developer believes it could address this obstacle. Speaking to a packed audience at BTCPay Server’s recent annual community gathering in Riga, Dorier introduced the concept of “fiatless fiat”—a Bitcoin-native alternative to treasury-backed stablecoins like Tether and USDC.

Synthetic USD

Back in 2015, BitMEX co-founder and then-CEO Arthur Hayes outlined in a blog post how to use futures contracts to create synthetic US dollars. Although this idea never gained widespread traction, it became a popular strategy among traders seeking to hedge against bitcoin’s volatility without having to sell their underlying bitcoin positions.

For readers less familiar with financial derivatives, a synthetic dollar (or synthetic position) can be created by two parties entering a contract to speculate on the price movement of an underlying asset—in this case, bitcoin. Essentially, by taking an opposite position to their bitcoin holdings in a futures contract, traders can protect themselves from price swings without having to sell their bitcoin or rely on a US dollar instrument.

More recently, services like Blink Wallet have adopted this concept through the Stablesats protocol. Stablesats allows users to peg a portion of their bitcoin balance to a fiat currency, such as the US dollar, without converting it into traditional currency. In this model, the wallet operator acts as a “dealer” by hedging the user’s pegged balance using futures contracts on centralized exchanges. The operator then tracks the respective liabilities, ensuring that the user’s pegged balance maintains its value relative to the chosen currency. (More detailed information about the mechanism can be found on the Stablesats website.)

Obviously, this setup comes with a significant trade-off. By using Stablesats or similar services, users effectively relinquish custody of their funds to the wallet operator. The operator must then manage the hedging process and maintain the necessary contracts to preserve the synthetic peg.

Stable channels and virtual balances

In Riga, Dorier pointed out that a similar effect can be achieved between two parties using a different type of contract: Lightning channels. The idea follows recent work from Bitcoin developer Tony Klaus on a mechanism called stable channels.

Instead of relying on centralized exchanges, stable channels connect users seeking to hedge their Bitcoin exposure with ‘stability providers’ over the Lightning network. A stable channel essentially functions as a shared Bitcoin balance, where funds are allocated according to the desired exposure of the ‘stability receiver.’ Leveraging Lightning’s rapid settlement capabilities, the balance can be continuously adjusted in response to price fluctuations, with sats shifting to either side of the channel as needed to maintain the agreed distribution.

Here’s a simple chart to illustrate what the fund’s breakdown may look like over time:

Clearly, this strategy entails considerable risks. As illustrated above, stability providers taking leveraged long positions on the exchange are exposed to large downside price volatility. Moreover, once the reserves of these stability providers are exhausted, users aiming to lock in their dollar-denominated value will no longer be able to absorb further price declines. While those types of rapid drawdowns are increasingly rare, Bitcoin’s volatility is always unpredictable and it’s conceivable that stability providers may look to hedge their risks in different ways.

On the other hand, the structure of this construct allows participants’ exposure within the channel to be linked to any asset. Provided both parties independently agree on a price, this can facilitate the creation of virtual balances on Lightning, enabling users to gain synthetic exposure to a variety of traditional portfolio instruments, such as stocks and commodities, assuming these assets maintain sufficient liquidity. Researcher Dan Robinson originally proposed an elaborated version of this idea under the name Rainbow Network.

The good, the bad, the ugly

The concept of “fiatless fiat” and stable channels is compelling because of its simplicity. Unlike algorithmic stablecoins that rely on complex and unsustainable economic models involving exogenous assets, the Bitcoin Dollar, as envisioned by Dorier and others, is purely the result of a voluntary, self-custodial agreement between two parties.

This distinction is critical. Stablecoins usually involve a centralized governing body overseeing a global network, while a stable channel is a localized arrangement where risk is contained to the participants involved. Interestingly, it does not even have to rely on network effects: one user can choose to receive USD-equivalent payments from another, and subsequently shift the stability contract to a different provider at their discretion. Stability provision has the potential to become a staple service from various Lightning Service Provider types of entities competing and offering different rates.

This focus on local interactions helps mitigate systemic risk and fosters an environment more conducive to innovation, echoing the original end-to-end principles of the internet.

The protocol allows for a range of implementations and use cases, tailored to different user groups, while both stability providers and receivers maintain full control over their underlying bitcoin. No third party—not even an oracle—can confiscate a user’s funds. Although some existing stablecoins offer a degree of self-custody, they by contrast remain vulnerable to censorship, with operators able to blacklist addresses and effectively render associated funds worthless.

Unfortunately, this approach also inherits several challenges and limitations inherent to self-custodial systems. Building on Lightning and payment channels introduces online requirements, which have been cited as barriers to the widespread adoption of these technologies. Because stable channels monitor price fluctuations through regular and frequent settlements, any party going offline can disrupt the maintenance of the peg, leading to potential instability. In an article further detailing his thoughts on the idea, Dorier entertains various potential solutions to a party going offline, mainly insisting that re-establishing the peg of funds already allocated to a channel “is a cheap operation.”

Another potentially viable solution to the complex management of the peg involves the creation of ecash mints, which would issue stable notes to users and handle the channel relation with the stability provider. This approach already has real-world implementations and could see more rapid adoption due to its superior user experience. The obvious tradeoff is that custodial risks are reintroduced into a system designed to eliminate them. Still, proponents of ecash argue that its strong privacy and censorship-resistant properties make it a vastly superior alternative to popular stablecoins, which are prone to surveillance and control.

Beyond this, the complexity of the Lightning protocol and the inherent security challenges posed by keeping funds at risk in “hot” channels will need careful consideration when scaling operations.

Perhaps the most pressing challenge for this technology is the dynamic nature of the peg, which may attract noncooperative actors seeking to exploit short-term, erratic price movements. Referred to as the “free-option problem,” a malicious participant could cease honoring the peg, leaving their counterparties exposed to volatility and the burden of reestablishing a peg with another provider. In a post on the developer-focused Delving Bitcoin forum, stable channel developer Tony Klaus outlines several strategies to mitigate this issue, offering potential safeguards against these types of opportunistic behaviors.

While no silver bullet exists, the emergence of a market for stability providers could potentially foster reputable counterparties whose long-term business interests will outweigh the short-term gains of defrauding users. As competition increases, these providers will have strong incentives to maintain trust and reliability, creating a more robust and dependable ecosystem for users seeking stability in their transactions.

Concluding his presentation in Riga, Dorier acknowledged the novelty of this experiment but encouraged attendees to also consider its enticing potential.

“It’s very far-fetched, it’s a new idea. It’s a new type of money. You need new business models. You need new protocols and new infrastructure. It’s something more long-term, more forward-looking.”

Users and developers interested to learn or contribute to the technology can find more information on the website or through the public Telegram channel.

The ascent of Bitcoin and digital assets has sparked a classic battle, with governments acting as vigilant hawks, trying to control a technology that is as nimble and elusive as a gazelle darting across the savanna of decentralization. In Nigeria, this conflict is as tangled as dense jungle foliage, where regulators strive to enforce their rules on a system meant to evade conventional constraints, while individuals continue to pursue the elusive prize of financial freedom just out of grasp. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has oscillated between hardline approaches and cautious acceptance, exemplified by its 2021 directive banning banks from facilitating Bitcoin transactions. Yet, just a few years later, the same CBN approved the launch of a Naira-backed stablecoin, signaling a growing recognition of the inevitable role digital currencies will play in the future of finance. However, these regulations, rather than protecting Nigerians, have often undermined the rights of citizens to freely participate in the financial revolution that Bitcoin offers. This culminated in a recent court case brought by James Otudor, an ardent Bitcoin advocate, who has sued the Nigerian government, seeking to establish the fundamental right of citizens to trade and own Bitcoin and USDt. The case shines a spotlight on the larger issue of human rights being trampled upon in the name of regulatory oversight. It’s not just about financial innovation, it’s about ensuring that Nigerians are not excluded from the benefits of a global economy increasingly driven by decentralized technologies.

Across Africa, the regulatory landscape for Bitcoin and digital assets is shaped by two competing paradigms: collaboration and confrontation. Nigeria’s Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has taken some steps toward a collaborative model, as seen in the launch of its Regulatory Incubation Program aimed at fostering innovation while maintaining oversight. Yet, even within this supposedly progressive framework, the right of Nigerians to freely own and transact in Bitcoin remains under threat. Recent actions, such as the freezing of assets linked to the Bybit and KuCoin exchanges, illustrate how deeply entrenched government control remains. In other African nations, such as Ghana and Kenya, similar dynamics are playing out, with governments hesitating to fully embrace decentralized currencies, despite clear public demand. The Nigerian SEC’s approval of two cryptocurrency exchanges in 2024 represents a positive step, but this piecemeal approach fails to address the larger issue of financial sovereignty for Nigerians. South Africa has taken a slightly more balanced route, regulating Bitcoin and digital assets as financial assets while allowing for greater integration into the traditional financial ecosystem. Nevertheless, these approaches, while varied, all point to the same fundamental issue: the lack of a clear framework that respects the unique nature of Bitcoin and its potential to transform economies and empower citizens.

As Nigerian regulators grapple with how to manage this burgeoning industry, they must recognize that Bitcoin’s regulatory landscape cannot be lumped together with the entire digital assets ecosystem. Bitcoin operates on fundamentally different principles, with decentralization at its core, unlike many other digital assets that may still rely on centralized control or governance. Any attempt to impose blanket regulations on all digital assets, including Bitcoin, would be a catastrophic misstep, one that risks stifling innovation and depriving Nigerians of the opportunity to fully participate in the global economy. Regulators must, therefore, approach Bitcoin with a unique understanding of its intrinsic operational metrics. Its decentralized nature is not a flaw to be regulated out of existence but a feature that offers unprecedented opportunities for financial inclusion and economic freedom. Policymakers should learn from global examples, such as Europe’s MiCA framework, but adapt those lessons to the specific context of Bitcoin, ensuring that they do not impose unnecessarily restrictive regulations. The failure to distinguish Bitcoin from other digital assets in the regulatory process would result in inefficiency, stifle innovation, and risk pushing legitimate activities into the shadows. James Otudor’s court case stands as a pivotal moment, not just for Nigeria but for the entire continent, as it seeks to ensure that financial regulations are crafted with a respect for human rights and an understanding of the transformative power of decentralized finance.

The way forward for Nigeria is clear: regulators must craft policies that protect citizens while encouraging innovation, and they must do so with the understanding that Bitcoin is fundamentally different from other digital assets. The current regulatory push, if not carefully balanced, risks becoming a tool of oppression rather than empowerment. By engaging with the Bitcoin community and developing a nuanced approach to regulation, Nigeria can position itself as a leader in the global financial revolution. Anything less would be a disservice to the millions of Nigerians who have already embraced this new paradigm and a betrayal of the ideals of freedom and innovation that Bitcoin represents.

This is a guest post by Heritage Falodun. Opinions expressed are entirely their own and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Magazine.